One of the most important aspects of human presence in urban spaces، which causes the vitality and dynamism of these spaces، as well as their social role، is the pedestrian movement. Pedestrians are vulnerable road users and damages to them are often irreparable and irreversible and cause injury or death. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of using pedestrian bridges in Tehran as well as environmental and human factors affecting the use or non-use of pedestrians CROSSING at the bridge's influence. Several environmental factors such as the median pedestrian barriers as well as human factors such as the age and the personal characteristics were considered in this study. In this research، decision was made in a fuzzy environment، which is a multi-value environment. The knowledge base used in an expert system is formed using fuzzy logic and could be used as a fuzzy decision support system for managing and planning for the construction of new pedestrian bridges or for modifying existing bridges. The results of this research can be used to identify high-capacity bridges for equipping other bridges، locating for the construction of new bridges، assessing the status of each bridge and its use. The results show that the most effective factors for using the overpasses by pedestrians were the bridge facilities among the environmental factors and the perceived identity among the human factors. Having compared the results of this study using the fuzzy reasoning model with the real outputs show a 98 percent correlation and the 20 percent error in estimating the probability for using the pedestrian overpass to cross the street.

In 325 B. C. Alexander the Great decided to return to the west at the mouth of Indus. The great Macedonian army provided by a number of nations started its campaign through Gedrosia (Baluchestan) commanded by Alexander. His fleet supported the ground army under the command of Nearchus on Oman Sea. Greek geographers divided Baluchestan into three regions: Oritiae, the Coast of Fish Eaters and Gedrosia. Alexander faced a number of challenges while CROSSING the three regions, partly due to his army’s unfamiliarity with the area. In fact, the severity of these problems was far greater than were anticipated from the beginning of the war on the border of Granicus up to the end of it on the mouth of Indus. Alexander, in spite of knowing that Gedrosia had a severe nature and lack of the foodstuffs and grass plots, decided to cross it because of his self-pride and his supernatural ability. Did he succeed to reach all his ambitious goals? Since Gedrosia did not have a central advanced urbanization system, how it this perceived by historians and geographers?This article aims not only to answer the two mentioned questions but also explain the whole operations by Alexander and his army in Gedrosia, the circumstances of their coming in contact with environment and geographical phenomenon’s of the region according to Greek historians and geographers on the basis of descriptive-analysis method.

Strength measurement of rock requires testing that must be carried out on test specimens with particular sizes in order to fulfill testing standards or suggested methods. Often, the coring process breaks up the weaker core pieces, and they are too small to be used in either index tests or conventional strength tests such as point load index (Is) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS). One of the index tests to indirectly determine the rock strength is the BLOCK punch index (BPI) test, which requires flat disc specimens without special treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the BPI test for predicting the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), BTS and IS of the sandstones by empirical equations. Also, we have compared the performance of the BPI and IS for predicting the UCS and BTS. It was experimentally shown that BPI is a reliable method for predicting the UCS, BTS and Is of the sandstones under study. Moreover, the results indicate that BPI could be utilized with same importance as Is for predicting the UCS, while predicting the BTS by Is appears to be more reliable than BPI.

Purpose: To report results of A/V CROSSING adventitial sheathotomy for the treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) associated with macular edema and hemorrhage. Methods: We performed surgical decompression of BRVO via pars plana deep vitrectomy (lens sparing), PVD induction, and A/V CROSSING adventitial sheathotomy in 3 patients with severely decreased visual acuity (20/200<). Because of macular hemorrhage, edema, and ischemia, these cases were not good candidates for grid macular photocoagulation. Reperfusion of the retina was observed by surgically separating the overlying retinal arteriole from the venule following vitrectomy and adventitial sheathotomy techniques.Results: Intraoperative decompression of the A/V CROSSING was achieved in all three patients. All patients showed improvement as determined by fundus examination, photography, and fluorescein angiography. Post operative visual acuities improved in all cases.Conclusion: Surgical decompression of BRVO via A/V CROSSING sheathotomy is a technically feasible procedure that can result in rapid reperfusion of the retina. Resolution of macular hemorrhage, edema, and ischemia may improve visual prognosis in patients with this common retinal vascular disorder.

Teaching English in an Iranian and Islamic culture poses complex questions for both teachers and learners. In this paper, the authors intend to shed light on what it means to teach English as a foreign language (TEFL) in an Islamic-Iranian context. Having reviewed the colonial and postmodern views of English language teaching, the authors took a look beyond the current state of TEFL in Iran, which is marked by its continuing global tendency, and into the future with an emphasis on the importance of including the local specificities of the Iranian culture and religion. The status of the TEFL in Iran and the direction it should take in the future are accompanied by offering some solutions to inherent problems. Iranian TEFL is introduced as the successful assertion of Iranian local culture against the cultural and ideological domination of the West, which can be an antidote to the harshness of all marginalizations Iranians have suffered for centuries.

Introduction: After caesarean, mothers need to take care of their babies as soon as possible, and pain relief in them leads to more comfort and faster recovery and it reduces hospitalization time and complications such as pulmonary thromboembolism as well as treatment costs.Objective: Determining the effect of TAP BLOCK by injection of Bupivacaine 0.25% after caesarean section on post operative pain.Materials and Methods: This study was performed on seventy six women that underwent elective caesarean section. Then, the women were randomly divided into two groups. Six women were excluded from the study which was a double-blind clinical trial. In the case group: 20cc of Bupivacaine 0.25% was injected between transverse abdominal muscle fascia and internal oblique muscle fascia, and in control group the same amount of normal saline was used. Pain intensity was measured by VAS score at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours after surgery. In both groups, if the patient needed pain relief, diclofenac suppository was used and its dose was recorded. Some complications such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness were recorded too, data were analyzed by SPSS (21) software, P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: VAS score at 2, 4, 6 hours after surgery in case group was significantly lower than that in the control group. (P=0.0001, P=0.0001, P=0.039), respectively. The mean number of administered diclofenac in bupivacaine group was lower than that in placebo group (P=0.0001). The mean and standard deviation of pain free period in bupivacaine group was 13.77±2.41 and in placebo group was 5.94± 1.27. Survival rate of analgesia was 14.3% in bupivacaine group and 2.9% in placebo group. This difference was statistically significant (P= 0.001).Conclusion: Transverse abdominal plane BLOCK with Bupivacaine 0.25% can reduce post caesarean pain without any side effects, such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and any effect on the time of ambulation. It can also reduce use of analgesics.

Purpose: Together with the increase of orthodontic treatment needs the use of functional apparatus has been increased. Furthermore, different studies has been done on skeletal and dental changes after the use of these functional appliances, but few studies discussed soft tissue changes in the field. So, this study was carried out in order to evaluate soft tissue changes following the use of Twin BLOCK functional appliance.Methods & Materials: This study was quazi experimental done on 13 patients (7 girls and 6 boys) with 7 years and 7 months to 12 years and 6 months of age. All patients were Cl II Div.I malocclusion, Iranian, Muslim, resident of Tehran and with no previous orthodontic treatment and tooth extraction. The period of treatment with the apparatus varied between 7 to 17 months. The studied angular variables were nasolabial, nasofacial, facial convexity,H angle, mentocervical, nasomental and mentolabial. The liner variables were lower and upper lip to E line, upper and lower lip thickness, prominence and length, upper and lower face height. All variables were compared before and after the use of Twin BLOCK and recorded in a questionnaire and were analyzed by T - test. Results: The study showed that nasolabial, nasofacial, Lower lip to E line and Upper lip length decreased slightly with the use of apparatus, while facial convexity, H angle, upper lip prominence, upper lip thickness and upper lip to E line decreased significantly. As well as, mentocervical, upper lip thickness, lower lip prominence and soft tissue lower face height increased slightly and nasomental, mentolabial, soft tissue upper face height and lower lip length increased significantly.Conclusion: Following the treatment with Twin BLOCK, the lower face soft tissue moved anteriorly leading to decrease in profile convexity. The upper and lower face soft tissue height increases and their ratio improved. The upper and lower lip thickness reduced, but upper lip length did not change and lower lip length increased after the treatment. The space between upper and lower lip edge to E - line moved to a normal range and labiomental fold became wider.

This paper presents the application of metaheuristic methods to the minimum CROSSING number problem for the first time. These algorithms including particle swarm optimization, improved ray optimization, colliding bodies optimization and enhanced colliding bodies optimization. For each method, a pseudo code is provided. The CROSSING number problem is NP-hard and has important applications in engineering. The proposed algorithms are tested on six complete graphs and eight complete bipartite graphs and their results are compared with some existing methods.